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_ duty of society lfare, , Thepbyaical, d moraLwelfar‘e of children I jiwe are to be ed about the quality of; our citizens. We losersig of the health, appiness, education, and religious mining of the youthjof our country, ,- ,.,e are to mamta ii the democratic ) children within our own borders. .gwquate food, clothing and shelter o: the unfortunate, children in our m community must be provided and 14‘ own Child Welfare work must go n 'lIIILII'CII are very much the pro- lui ' of adult attitudes of mind. Even } gh each child is an indivxdual and 'has a separate personality and -, personality presents individual .15, children must-accept what we :ulults provide for them. Thus a . our responsibility become the ,itel‘. » Public Health ,neping the health of a nation at .ch level is a very essential part or war eflort. It is impossible ‘ work or live to the full without .d health. Individually we are on concerned about this matter from a community standpoint, it ven more necessary to maintain ugh standard of health. Physical ,Lness is keeping approximately per cent. of the young men who u volunteered for Active Service A entering the Army. From 3 oils] standpoint, this is not only lurable but also tragic. he rate of maternal mortality is n in Canada. Preâ€"natal health ics would do much to relieve this nition and certainly the value of .'ention has been well exemplified the control that has been gained l tuberculosis, diphtheria, scarlet l' and many other communicable 3383. Subjects for Study “Zach locality has its individual re- wements and it would be adwsable .l the Social Welfare convener of b Institute centre her attention in the needs of her own particular miunity before deciding which meet should be studied. Study and ‘ :ussion should be followed .by nite action in the proper direction much of the time and energy spent 1 be wasted. , lome subjects for study and dis- sion are Sanitation and Health, llS and Health, The Municipal tor, Hospitalization, State Medi- r', Dental Health in Schools, Dental ll Tonsil Clinics, Mental Health l Mics, Immunization, Prenatal Care, ' ul Boards of Health, Health Super- mn and Medical Examination in : hools. Value of Cod Liver Oil and r iiysion of same for underprivileged ‘ ‘ ren. Health Insurance it will be necessary that Institute l mbers make a very careful study zhe various phases of health insur- " we during the following year. The ‘ ‘ldzimental concept of health insur- ‘ is the co~operative association of rge number of persons who agree share amongst themselves the burd- caused by sickness, death, unem- I‘l"5'ment, etc, by the payment of the rv-cessary contributions into a com- rmn‘fund. Insurance is a device for warring burdens and not for shifting ruoin._ The Municipal Doctor System, Hospitalization and State Medicine We separate schemes and should not H confused. It would be advisable that Institutes make a careful study H" each. The Municipal Doctor The Municipal Doctor System has groven eflicient in Western Canada. ,5" J°S§Ph’s Island, near Sault Ste. ‘larle. is the only community in On- tario that is being served by a muni- ,IAL WELFARE .v-Yp'r cipal doctor. The municipal doctor gives the care that is ordinarily given by a general practitioner. 'l‘nis iu< eludes‘ general medical services, obstetrical care. and minor surgery. He acts as medical health oflicer for the municipality. He conducts im- munization clinics, inspects school premises, and examines school child- ren. He equips a suitable office, sup- plies his own car and supplies patients with ordinary drugs for temporary relief on his first visit. The municipal doctor system does not include hospitalization. The muni~ cipal doctors salary is obtained by direct taxation of property and the doctor receives a salary varying up to $5.000. Conditions in Ontario may demand a salary varving up to $7,000. During a five-year period in Mani~ tuba, the cost of hospitalization for relief patients was cut in half in areas that employed a municipal doctor. Hospitalization There is a voluntarv hospitalization service which is open to the public whereby a member says to the Hospiâ€" tal'Association 50:. to 75:. per month which gives him the right to three weeks hospitalization in a public or semi-private ward. State Medicine State Medicine involves a plan alto. gether different from that of “insur- ance” and care should be taken that it is not confused with the latter. State Medicine is a system whereby the state provides medical serVices for the entire population or a part thereof, and under which all pracâ€" titioners are employed, directed, and paid by the state. The true incanin of the system is state compulsion an control. Further study of State Medi- cine is being carried out by the proper authorities and more will be heard about this system later. One proposed plan is Compulsory Health Insurance whereby all people having an income up to $2,400 will be compelled to belong to the system. It is proposed to make contributions by a threeqvay method. Employee, eni- ployer, and government are the con- tributors! This would eliminate all present health insurance systems. Cod Liver Oil Fund A very valuable piece of Social Wel- fare work that can be carried on by Women's Institutes is the establish- ment of a Cod Liver Oil Fund to be used for underprivileged children. Care should be taken to make certain that these cases are bone fide and ad- ministration should bc by direct co- operation with the Social Welfare agencies that may be functioning in your own particular locality. The work of prevention is greater than the work of cuvc and I hope the Women’s Institutes of the Province of Ontario will make the coming years banner years in the promotion of Public Health measures and make certain that our Child Welfare work becomes more intensive and efl'ective. (Contributed by Mrs. L, E. Haney, Provincial Convener). _â€"__â€"â€"â€"- JUNIORS MOBILIZE (Continued from page 1, col. 4) unit has been undertaken during the club year. Nutrition Clubs evervwhere report improved food habits of members and mcmbers' families, and adoption of approved practices in food preparâ€" ation. For them, being well fed means more than freedom from hunger. It is having each day and ever day the kind of diet that will build a healthy and strong body. Training schools are now being .held in eight counties in a new Nutrition Club "The Cereal Shelf". Juniors! You have work to doâ€" a part to play in winning this war. This will require preparation, train- ing. clear thinking, acquiring skills, developing resourcefulness“ self-re liance, dependability and ability to co- operate with others. . (Contributed by Florence P. Eadie, Women’s Institute Branch). HOME AND COUNTRY THE LARGER UNIT 0F ADMINISTRATION _ The Largu Unit of Administration 15 not the Consolidated School. Under the Larger Unit, the schools will con~ tinue as they are under a representa- tive board of trustees which looks after several schools. Procedure to be taken for the organization of a township school area is found in sections 15 15a, 16 and 17 of the Public School Act of 1936. These sections are now named sections 15, 16, 17 and 18 of the Re- vised Statutes of Ontario 1937. The summary of township school areas in Ontario to October 1941 wereâ€" Areas Organized Boards Sections Before 1938 . 15 88 In 1938 _ 15 70 In 1939 â€"__ 43 213 In 1940 __ _ 26 147 In 1941 ___.__ {Si 153 130 666 Reasons for Township School Areas: 1. “The present sdiool section was intended only for the period of de- velopment when early settlements were taking place and when school sections were not geographically con- nected with each other." Yet, in most cases, rural schools to» day are governed in the same way as in pioneer days at greatly increased cost per pupil, as the attendance at the average rural school is decidedly smaller than in 1871 when, under Dr. Egerton Ryerson, Ontario schools changed from the ‘fee‘ to the free system. 2. The township urea aids in giving equal school privileges to every child with equitable distribution of cost. 3. “In the countries forming the British Empire and in 45 per cent of the states making up the American Union, the larger unit for school ud- ininistratiun is proving to be Ll dis- tinct success, e.g. Scotland has now 37 Education Authorities compared with some hundreds of parish boards formerly. In the United States, 22 states have the county or township board. England has only I517 bonrds. British Columbia has the municipality as its unit. Alberta has seven inA spectornl areas, one board for each, in which they are experimenting with the larger unit. In South Africu, there is one board for every 40 schools. Australia and New Zonlund have no local school authorities beyond ud- visory committees. Ontario has still more than 7,000 school boards". Benefits to Trustees The board of trustees of the larger area is elected by all the ratepayers of the area and much more cure is likely to be taken than under the pres ent system when only a few rutc~ payers attend the annual meeting and appoint the trustees. Unly men and women Interested in education will stand for trustees. The board of trustees would meet more regularly and give more study to local school problems. “Inspectors would be able to meet the board more frequently to discuss current school problems and to formulate plans for the future". There would be more clllciont secretarial work, better un- nuzll reports and more effective use of legislative, county and township grants. Benefils to Teachers The teaching staff would be more efficient as misfits could be trans- ferred and poor teachers eliminated. The teacher's rights as an individual would not so likely be infringed and his or her tenure of office will be more secure, Frequent group conâ€" ferences of trustees would ensure better conditions. Permanch of the teacher in a rural school won :1 olfeet the present example which the aver- age teacher sets of leaving rural communities for higher pay, usually in urban centres. Benefits to Children Pupils unable to reach hi h or con- tinuation schools daily wou d be able to fiat n more complete course ending wit Grade IX or Grade X. Pupils leaving school at sixteen years of age will be completera and graduates, not failures. Sectional boundaries being removed, children can be connected with schools which are more convenient and better suited to their needs. Athletic field days could be ar- ranged for the area and rural school fairs would be more successful. Courses in shop work, home econ- omics. agriculture. music, business practice, etc., would be the privilege of every rural child, by means of itinerant teachers. Medical and dental services, up-to- date libraries and general school equipment for the use of the pupils would be more general. as they could be secured more cheaply by n central bnnrd than by an individual board. Benefits to the Ratcpaycr There would be a uniform school rate over the urea. _ The Department of Education offers. as an increased grunt over the regular legislative grant, the sum of $100.00 per school section as an aid towards the equalization of school rntos nfter the new township school urea begins to function. Ito/crevices From l’nrkct Lnnii Library, \V. I. Brunch, Dept. of Agriculture, Tor- onto: l’ulilirntions from various sources. From Cnnmliflll Adult Education, Toronto: Is it in the public interest to adopt Lfll'frel' Unit for administration pur- poses? 10c. llow can the Larger Unit for rural schools be liiiniicud‘,‘ 10c. Ilnw \vns the change to the Lnrger Unit effected in the Province of Albci'tn and with what results? 10c. (Contributed by Mrs. J. S, Gordon, Bcuvcrtnnl. Association for 195 College so, LETTERS FROM ENGLAND Letters from England ore opened with nnticipntion these days, The tics of friendship which unite Em;- lisli nnd Gunndinn women were never stronger. It is an inspiration to us. so for from the battle front, to road between the lilu‘s their stories of rourngu and faith. (llinrloa Russell, Letter Friend - v, writes, “Life goes on very normally still, in spite of the ('on- tiiiuozl untl furtllur restrictions nouns- siiry. bulb for tho iiiz'rciisiup: war oll’ort illill lll‘l'llllfil: of I.I\(‘ spread of the will" tn the For l‘lnst . “I think you may be vested to hour the results of the work of preservation of surplus fruit in the villngcs last summer, umlcrtnki-n liy tlll: Institutes. A tutill (if 1,7lill tons of fruit was preserved. In my county of Essex we had 200 centres and mini- iigcil to preserve 102 tons 1 IIWt. of fruit. The jam wc nlmlc octunlly provided a yours moon {or 1:1,013 persons. We '|rU nlrcnily preparing for the next rm's work. \\'r-, (“'1‘ us well very busy pronuring‘ for ilisrussinns throughout the Insti- tutr‘a nf‘ nll the Post War problems we must face and it is most interest- ing, and ovr-n exciting, to find, as we (In. lhr- r('l|I intoroat that members are tnking in those :lisruss . Seeds anc Armed Miss Edith \Vulkcr, Agricultural Secretary N.F‘.\V.I., writes on .lnnunry 26 to thank Ontario Institutes for sceds,â€"“l find it Very difficult to convey to you how much these gifts of seeds are appreciated by people over IICI‘C. The idea behind the gift of Canadian country people helping the country people of England to feed themselves, has captured the imagin- ation of everyone. Pcoplc enjoy say- ing, 'Yon must have some of our beans or peas to-day. The seeds came from Conada’; aml so the fowl is doubly appreciated. If it is at all possible. please con- tinue to send us these sccds. In the meantime, will you please make sure that your Institutes know of our deep gratitude and appreciation of what they have already sent us." A letter of March 3 from Miss Walker indicates that all the seeds have arrived in time Ior sowing.